Community Medicine · Principles of Epidemiology & Methods
1.Define epidemiology. What are the types of epidemiological studies designed to explore disease etiology. Discuss in detail ‘framework’ and ‘steps’ in conducting the cohort study. Mention the merits and demerits of cohort study. Problems
2.Write briefly about the epidemiological study design you will suggest to test the effectiveness of a new drug compared to a conventional treatment of a disease
3.A surgeon in a tertiary hospital has been seeing a number of cases of carcinoma of the oral mucosa. The surgeon also observed that several of the patients gave a history of chewing the leaves of a particular plant and now approaches you to help design a research study to test the association between carcinoma of the oral mucosa which is fairly rare and chewing the leaves of this plant. Answer the following:
4.It was observed that low birth weight babies are increasing among women in a difficult rural area. It was decided to conduct a study to identify the risk factors of low birth weight babies
5.Fifty underweight children were selected from an Anganwadi and fifty controls with ideal weight for age was selected from the corresponding anganwadi, matched for age and sex. The objective was to find out the risk factors for malnutrition.
6.The District health officer is concerned that there may be an increase in new-onset diabetes among young individuals aged 20-45 years after COVID-19 infection. It was decided to conduct an epidemiological investigation to study the risk of getting diabetes after Covid 19 infection.
7.In a study to assess the relationship between birth weight and infant mortality,700 babies among 5500 weighed below 2500 grams at birth. They were followed up till they completed their first birthday. Of the 500 infants deaths registered, 350 occurred among babies with normal birth weight.
8.A drug company has produced a new formulation of zinc in the form of a sweetened beverage which they claim has the ability to reduce the duration and severity of diarrhea in children below five years of age. 25 ml of the beverage has to be given to children below the age of one and 50 ml for those one to five years of age, in a once-daily dosage. They request you to assist with preparing an outline for a study which they wish to do to demonstrate the efficacy of the beverage. Answer the following:
9.In the primary health centre where you are the medical officer, there are more number of low birth weight babies being born. You want to find out without much delay whether maternal anemia can be the associated risk factor. Answer the following:
10.Dr. Meera is a medical officer in a primary health centre. Dengue is rampant in the region. A patient brings her a strip of capsules given to him by a local health practitioner who claims that a course of this medication will prevent thrombocytopenia. Dr. Meera decides to test the medication. Answer the following:
11.As a medical officer recently recruited in a primary health centre, you find that there is a cotton mill in your area and its workers utilize your health services. You want to investigate whether their health is affected by the work environment. What type of study design will you use What are the steps of such a study How can you analyze the data that you have collected Problems
12.Sunaina is a recent MBBS graduate who is working as a medical officer in a primary health centre. There have been a number of cases of fever from a nearby village. The villagers suspect it is because of contaminated water in the overhead tank that supplies parts of the village. She decides to investigate. Answer the following:
13.A third year MBBS student during his clinical posting observed that many patients had leukoplakia in the oral cavity. He wanted to find the risk factors for leukoplakia. Answer the following:
14.Sanjana is a recent MBBS graduate who is working as a medical officer in a primary health centre. There a number of patients present to her with signs of jaundice. A local traditional medical practitioner tells her about the usefulness of a special plant in the treatment of jaundice. She decides to test plant. Answer the following:
1.A case control study was conducted to determine the Association between colon cancer and high fat diet. Discuss the various steps involved in Case Control studies based on the above example
2.Classify epidemiological study designs. Describe the advantages of randomization in an experimental study
3.Define bias, explain the various types of bias with suitable examples
4.Discuss the steps in conducting a RCT to determine the efficacy of a new anti- hypertensive medication
5.Design the steps of a Cohort study to be conducted among children to find out risk factors of obesity among them
1.Case control study and Cohort study
2.Randomization and Blinding Substantiate your answer with reasons
3.Uses of descriptive epidemiology
4.Migration studies
5.Experimental studies are faced with more ethical issues than case control studies List the following
6.Objectives of descriptive epidemiology
7.Record linkage
8.Components of an epidemiological hypothesis
1.What is confounding factor
1.Assertion: Randomization eliminates selection bias
2.Matching help to prevent
3.The advantages of an occupational cohort subgroups in a cohort study all EXCEPT
4.The bias in case control is
5.The study design is
6.To reduce selection bias in case-control studies, it is recommended that